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- Rare-earth warPublished??2012??05??15??
- Recently, the promoters of 13 units of Nonferrous Metals Association, the aluminum company, China Minmetals, the joint 142 enterprises of China Rare Earth Industry Association formally established in Beijing. It is in recent years intensified the establishment of the Association of International Rare Earth product of the trade war, also marks an important step to protect their strategic rare earth resources in China.
Western countries relying on imports from China Rare Earth, maintained on China's military technology advantage
The rare earth resources is very valuable, and its importance can generally be attributed to three things: First, the composition of special. The English name of the rare-earth literal translation is "rare earth", its essence is the general term of the lanthanides in the periodic table, plus a similar nature scandium, yttrium, and other 17 kinds of elements. Each rare earth elements are extremely rich in light, electricity, heat, and magnetic properties.
Second, the number of rare. Although the global reserves of rare earth theoretical absolute value is not small, however, high levels of rare earth exists only in a specific mineral deposits, and is unevenly distributed. Can really focus on the exploitation of rare earth mine in China, the United States, Russia, India and other countries.
Usefulness great. , Rare earth has been widely used for more than 40 of the 13 areas of electronic information, petrochemicals, metallurgy, machinery, energy and other industries, especially in the application of functional materials with a very special place. The rare earth industry, although the overall use less, but for improving the functionality of the products and systems of various fields obviously, play skillfully deflected the question, "synergies.
However, rare earth have become the focus of the struggle for resources, largely because it is widely used in missiles, smart weapons, jet engines, navigation systems and other modern military high-tech. It can be said that the rare earth is widely used in weapons and equipment of the land, sea and air forces of days.
Army weapons and equipment, rare earth elements can be used for armor steel materials. In the early 1960s in the last century, on the design of a rare earth carbon steel, made from armor steel to fight the force increased by about 70%. Containing rare earth elements in the the ductility milling cast iron mortar shells of mass destruction increased substantially.
Rare earth elements also can be used in fire control sighting system, proud of M1A2 tanks such as the United States by virtue of its advanced fire control system, able to do on the battlefield before the enemy discovered and before the enemy opened fire, mainly equipped with unique laser range finder, which use rare earth metal yttrium element. In the Gulf War, the U.S. M1A2 tank's laser rangefinder ranging distance of 4000 meters, the Iraqi T-72 tanks, laser range finder can reach 2000 m. At the same time, U.S. tanks also equipped with night vision devices containing rare earth metal lanthanum element. As a result, the dust filled the battlefield, no matter the day or night, U.S. tanks occupy the absolutely unmatched technological advantages.
Air Force weapons and equipment, the application of rare earth's deeper, and 17 kinds of rare earth elements have a purpose in the field of aviation maintenance. Which, dysprosium, neodymium, terbium, europium, yttrium is the most important aircraft of five kinds of rare earth elements, they can be used for aircraft thermal barrier coatings, fluorescent colored materials and motor permanent magnet materials. Rare earth metals of high strength and high durability, but also greatly reduce the weight of the aircraft. Such as in the U.S. military's F-22 aircraft, airframe and engine are a large number of rare earth rhenium elements, in order to meet the high requirements of the supersonic cruise body robustness. Airborne precision-guided munitions, containing samarium cobalt rare earth elements in permanent magnet engine plays a vital role in the manipulation of weapons.
Naval weapons and equipment, but also the land of the rare earth metals to show their talents. Rhenium elements can be greatly enhanced titanium, alloy submarine used in the manufacture of high speed and a larger potential depth. The Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s made the P-class, "alpha" level, the M-Class and S-class submarine is a titanium submarines. Generally more than 40 of the speed of these submarines, submersible to 400 to 600 m deep, than was the torpedo 25 to 40, average speed and maximum 400 meters of the potential depth is much more superior. This torpedo catch up, out of reach of the submarine, became a big concern in the U.S. Navy. The use of magnets made from rare earth elements as the U.S. Navy's Aegis system core part of the SPY-1 radar.
In the aerospace, molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum-based, able to adapt to the high vacuum of space and the strong radiation of cosmic rays has become essential in the various types of spacecraft bearing lubricant.
It can be seen, the military applications of rare earth, not only wide, but use is very critical. This is their world, especially the military the main reason for the large country focus. To some extent, the Western powers, it is relying on imports from China are a large number of rare earth, maintaining China's military technology advantage.
China's massive exports of rare earth, serious environmental pollution, but there is no international rare earth market pricing
The establishment of the rare earth industry in China Association, the main purpose is a fundamental solution to the long-standing domestic rare earth industry over-exploitation, environmental destruction, excessive exports and the low level of use of the chaos.
Due to the lack of unified planning of the national level, China's rare earth resources industry has long been in the blind development of out of control. Most rare earth mining enterprises belong to small and medium-sized factories, mines and small-scale, over-exploitation of rare earth mine, due to the low technology, low quality of the ore taken out, mining the rich abandoning the poor mining easy to abandon difficult is extremely serious, rare earth a great waste of resources.
Meanwhile, in the process of mining of rare earth, due mainly to take the pool leaching, heap leaching and in situ leaching, backward technology, indiscriminate deforestation is very serious, cause damage to vegetation, soil erosion and a series of ecological and environmental problems. Extraction separation of rare earth, due to the use of acid-base extraction agent chemical raw materials, produce large amounts of waste gas, waste water, waste and other emissions harmful to the environment. In this year's two sessions, deputies said Liao Liping, to land in southern Jiangxi rare earth mining damage the ecological restoration of the initial capital investment of more than 38 billion yuan.
In sharp contrast with this, the increasing export volume of China's rare earth to pay the environmental costs are getting higher and higher, but the average price of international market of rare earth has dropped significantly, as well as dubbed will be valuable to the price of meat, vegetables Rare Earth to sell all over the world. Moreover, when the whole world is China's rare earth resources, China is not even the pricing of international rare earth market.
A direct result of this issue is China's rare earth reserves declined sharply. The early 1990s, China's rare earth reserves accounted for 88 percent of the world's reserves, is now down to about 30%, the loss of rare earth resources amazing. Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangxian and even sent out a few years later, China will be 'rare-earth big country' into a 'shortage of rare-earth country' "Warning!
In addition, China's rare earth resources in the development of the main problem lies in the lack of technical content, and secondary development of the real value of the rare earth is mined. Over a long period of time, selling rare earth resources, once the main focus of the bigger Chinese rare earth industry, ignoring the rare earth application in high-tech fields. China's exports of rare earth resources and products for more than 80% of raw materials and intermediate goods and low value-added.
In order to reverse the passive situation of rare earth industry, our government in recent years, gradually began to on the rare earth mining scale production and total exports in the overall planning and restrictions. In 2007, the Ministry of Land and Resources on the rare earth the implementation of protective mining is to take total control and management measures. Rare earth production, domestic and external demand and the need for sustainable development, the annual rare earth export quota regulations, in order to maximize protection and rational use of limited rare earth resources.
January 2011, China's rare earth mine from the integration of 400 116. In February of that year, the Ministry of Land and Resources also decided to set up 11 blocks in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, national planning mining area of 2,500 square kilometers of the rare earth mine. Since October 1, 2011, the state began to implement the "rare earth industrial pollutant discharge standards, developed jointly by the State Environmental Protection Administration and State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, in order to improve the environmental threshold of rare earth industry started to make rare earth The industry soon as possible onto the green development path. However, we did not expect the United States, European Union, Japan, quit, brought to the WTO trade action against China of restricting exports of rare earths.
The underlying causes of the rare-earth battle
March 13 this year, Obama specifically on trade with China speech, announced that the United States has joined the European Union, Japan, brought to the WTO trade action against China of restricting exports of rare earths, accusing China of violating WTO trade rules. Countries headed by the United States and Japan that China is to take the rare earth resources as a weapon of blackmail developed countries. Chinese Minister of Industry and Miao Wei said that China will "active responding". Of a trade war to compete for rare earth resources has begun.
These countries is as true as they say, in the rare-earth problem so dependent on China? In fact, this "rare-earth war" behind unspeakable reasons:
First, to protect its rare earth resources. Take a look at the rare-earth reserves and production distribution of the world's major countries, it is sufficient to illustrate this problem. In October 2010, U.S. energy policy analyst Mark Humphreys listed in the report submitted to Congress entitled "rare earth elements: the global supply chain", the relevant statistical data in 2009. Among them, China's rare earth reserves of 36 million tons, accounting for 36% of the world output of 120,000 tons, accounting for 97% of the world; Russia's reserves of 19 million tons, accounting for 19% of the world, yield 0 t; U.S. reserves of 13 million tons, accounting for 13% of the world. output 0 t; Australia reserves of 5.4 million tons, accounting for 5% of the world production of 0 t.
Today, this set of data the greatest change in China's rare earth reserves have been reduced to account for 30 percent of the world. It can be seen that the rare earth reserves in the United States and Russia are more than ten million tons and reserves per capita are higher than China, but its output has remained zero, pure dependence on imports. Washington Post had reported that the reason why the United States to give up once the dominant rare earth mining market, and sealed the country's largest rare earth mine crude saltpeter Pass mine, both in order to protect their strategic resources, but also take caused due to mining environmental pollution is blocked out of the country.
Rare earth resources in the country like this, no rare earth resources, countries do its utmost to hoard a lot of buying, Japan. Japan in recent years 90% of rare-earth imports from China, one-third for the production of two-thirds were as strategic resources, closed with welded steel plate submerged by the sea to save. Japan established a reserve mechanism led by the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals mineral resources agency "and" Special Metals Reserve Association official and civil two rare earth reserve channels. Now, Japan's reserves of rare earth resources enough available for 20 years.
The second is to maintain the dominant position of itself and in rare earth industrial chain of high-end. Japan is currently the only country full of rare earth industrial chain, the biggest beneficiaries of the rare earth industry. With the deep processing of rare earth high-tech development capabilities, Japan has long been at the top of the rare earth industry chain and, therefore, earn extraordinary profits. For example, when Chinese exports to the price of 200,000 yuan per ton of neodymium oxide, but the price per kilogram of $ 200,000 from Japan, imported metal neodymium. Therefore, when China announced plans to tighten exports of rare earths, Japan naturally not happy. In fact, Japan is not the lack of rare earth, lack of cheap Chinese rare earth. When the United States, Japan and the EU on Chinese rare earth export restrictions to the WTO proceedings, the purpose is the escalating trade war with China in order to increase the chips, maintain their own vantage point.
Japan not only for its high-end position of the rare earth industry chain has brought huge economic benefits, but also brought an unexpected political interests. The key role of rare earth in the field of military technology on the special, even the superpower like the United States had the rare earth high-tech application subject to the Japanese. Many sophisticated weapons the U.S. military active duty, more than half of the microelectronic chip R & D and manufacturing by the Japanese. If there is no Japan in the field of microelectronics technologies and products of deep processing of rare earth, the U.S. military which based on the technical advantages will be greatly reduced. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand why Japan would be rare earth issue is so sensitive and worry.
Must establish a high-tech rare earth industry chain with independent intellectual property
The face of growing rare-earth struggle, China should be based passive to active, gain back their rights, protect their own interests. In the long run, the root of the problem lies in the formulation and implementation of a sustainable set of rare earth resources development and utilization strategy, its focus in three areas:
The first is to strengthen the management of rare earth resource exploitation. For the long-standing over-exploitation and environmental pollution problems, the first session of the rare earth resources management is the protection of the exploitation. Existing rare earth mine, the state should take into account the actual needs and environmental carrying capacity on the basis of selective mining, sealing the part of the mining area as a strategic reserve to achieve the purpose of the double protection of the rare earth resources and the local environment. In recent years, the domestic sector in this regard has been had a good start and successfully put into practice.
The second is to strengthen the management of the export of rare earth resources. The past, not only the domestic chaos of exploitation, and even appeared in the domestic rare earth enterprises compete to keep the prices down to export the "self-mutilation" situation. Therefore, the long-term restrictive export policies, continue to develop a reasonable rare earth export quota of rare earth resources in balancing domestic production and the basis of the overall demand at home and abroad. On the one hand but also the Chinese Rare Earth worth of equity, but also help China compete in the international rare earth market back to the rare earth resources, supply the country for their rights. Facts have proved that the export quotas of rare earth resources in the past two years China has taken, both to achieve the purpose of protecting the country's rare earth resources, but also to meet the legitimate needs of the international market for rare earth.
The third is to establish high-tech rare earth industry chain with independent intellectual property. This is to change the passive situation of China's rare earth applications key. Increase only in the rare earth resource base and applied fields of investment and research, focusing on technological innovation and product innovation, and enhance China's rare earth secondary development level, to fundamentally change our country on the one hand by selling resources in exchange for a small amount of foreign exchange worth the candle, and another aspects but in the high-end rare earth products rely heavily on imports of the kinds of adverse situation. Ultimately to establish a set of rare earth resource exploitation in the country, primary development, secondary development, complete a virtuous circle of recycling industry chain, the real form their own rare earth industry chain.
March 13, in response to the United States, European Union, Japan and other WTO proceedings, the person in charge of Treaty and Legal Affairs of the Ministry of Commerce in China said that China's policy is to protect resources and the environment and achieve sustainable development, has no intention of trade-distorting The way to protect domestic industries, that the legitimate position of China on this issue.
At present, protection, and the only few make good use of China's rare earth resources, not only the protection of this scarce natural resources, is the maintenance of our long-term national interests. I believe, "Rare Earth Battle, we will have a profound impact on the future of the country and t, he nation.
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